Act 41: The Truth is, I'm a Guardian!　(じつは戦士なの!　/ Jitsu wa Senshi nano!)

02:20 Usagi's grades (though the camerawork makes it almost unreadable,
this is what can be read)

Japanese - 3
Social Studies - 2
Mathematics - 2
Cooking - 2 

02:28 Ami's grades: (same camerawork issues for Ami's)

Japanese - 5
Social Studies - 5
Mathematics - 5 
Cooking - 5
Music - 5
Science - 5
Art - 5
Health and Physical Education - 5
Technology - Home Economics - 5

02:36 Teacher's fan reads:

Longetivity

03:22 Nephrin

-rin is a name suffix that's rather feminine and cutesy in Nephrite's case,
even more demeaning than Nephkichi.

05:31 Both signs read:

Juuban Children's Home (that is, a children welfare residential facility for 
children with parents who have passed away or are unable to look after them)

05:57 Palace of the Dragon King

The undersea palace of the Dragon God of the Sea (Ryuujin) who appears
in several Japanese legends. The palace is often said to be made out of 
red and white coral. Makoto is mentioning it here because she is dressed 
as a turtle. In one tale, featuring the fisherman Urashima Tarou there is a 
section where Tarou rescues a turtle (who turns out to be Ryuujin's daughter) 
and is rewarded by being able to visit the palace, taken there by a large turtle.

13:14 Mr. Turtle

A children's song called Usagi to Kame (Hare and Turtle) based on the 
fable The Tortoise and the Hare.